Generations of computer 1st to 5th:
Generations of computer 1st to 5th : There are FIVE generations of computers. Our journey of the five generations of computers starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day and beyond.
Generations / Evolution of Computer
| Year | 1940-1956 |
|---|---|
| Hardware Technology | Vacuum Tube |
| Storage | Magnetic Drum |
| Speed | Mili Second |
| Operating System | Batch Operating System |
| Language | Machine Language (Binary Number 0,1) |
| Features | limited main storage capacity, Slow Input-Output |
| Uses | Mainly at the scientific level later in the General Trading system |
| Example | ENIAC, UNIVAC MARK-1, etc. |
| Year | 1956-1963 |
|---|---|
| Hardware Technology | Transistor |
| Storage | Magnetic Core Technology |
| Speed | Micro Second |
| Operating System | Multi Tasking, Time Sharing |
| Language | Assembly Language, High Level Language (HLL) |
| Features |
|
| Uses |
|
| Example | NCR 304, IBM-1401 etc. |
| Year | 1964-1971 |
|---|---|
| Hardware Technology | Integrated Circuit (IC) |
| Storage | Magnetic Core |
| Speed | Nano Second |
| Operating System | Real Time Operating System |
| Language |
High Level Language (Fortran, Cobol, etc.) |
| Features |
|
| Uses |
|
| Example | IBM 360, PDP-8, PDP-1, etc. |
| Year | 1971 – Present |
|---|---|
| Hardware Technology | Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSIC) |
| Storage | Semiconductor Memory, Winchester Disk |
| Speed | Pico Second |
| Operating System | Time Sharing Networks, GUI Interface |
| Language |
High Level Language (Fortran 77, Cobol-74, ADA, etc.) |
| Features |
|
| Uses |
|
| Example | IBM 4341, DEC-10, Apple II, etc. |
| Year | Present – Future |
|---|---|
| Hardware Technology | Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC) |
| Storage | Optical Disk |
| Speed | —- |
| Operating System | Knowledge Information Processing System |
| Language |
—- |
| Features |
|
| Uses |
|
| Example | Robots |
1- First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956) :- The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
2- Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963) :- The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
3- Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971):- The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
4- Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present):- The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer from the central processing unit and memory to input/output control a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
5-Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond):- Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence (AI), are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
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